23.帶to不定式用法之一：帶to不定式有邏輯賓語在前時，to后動詞用及物動詞;不及物時需跟介詞。The work is too hard for me to do. (work做及物動詞do的邏輯賓語)

　　I have nothing to say. (nothing做及物動詞say的邏輯賓語)

　　I have a letter to write. (letter是及物動詞write的邏輯賓語) 而以下情況有介詞：

　　I have a pen to write a letter with. ( 用鋼筆寫信，所以要有“用”字，故加with.)

　　The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.

　　(“住在動物園里”，zoo是live in的邏輯賓語，故不及物動詞live加介詞in. )

　　Tom has no friends to talk to. (friends 是talk to的邏輯賓語，to不可少。)

　　He runs too fast for us to catch up with. (he是catch up with的邏輯賓語，帶with.) There are no seats to sit on. (坐在座位上，故sit后要加on.)

　　24.(a) little / (a) few: 1few，little“幾乎沒有;少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復數(shù), little加不可數(shù)名詞。 There is little water in the bottle, is there? (前否定，后肯定)

　　Tom is so shy that he has few friends.

　　2a few“一些”肯定詞，加可數(shù)名詞復數(shù); a little“一些;一點”也是肯定詞，加不可數(shù)名詞。 Tom is not an Englishman , but he knows a little English.

　　3另外，在too, very, so等詞后用few, little; 在only, just, still等詞后用a few, a little. 而quite a few / a little 都譯為“很多”，分別相當于many和much.

　　(注：有時a little…..并不是固定短語。如： a little sheep譯為“一只小羊”)

　　25.及物動詞+副詞：put on (穿上) / put off (推遲) / put away (把…整理好) / put up (舉起，搭起，掛起，張貼) / put down (放下) / put out(撲滅); break down(損壞，倒塌);

　　turn on(打開) / turn off (關閉) / turn up (調(diào)大) / turn down(關小); get back(取回);

　　use up(用光); cut up(切碎) eat up(吃光) sell out(賣完) cheer up(振作)

　　give away(贈送) / give out(發(fā)放) / give up(放棄) / give back(歸還); pick up(撿起、拿起)

　　try out(驗證) / try on(試穿); ring up/ call up(打電話); clean up / out (打掃干凈);

　　set up(成立); think up(想出;想起); hand in (上交) / hand out(分發(fā);散發(fā));

　　fix up(修理); work out(算出) dress up(打扮); help out(幫人解決);

　　keep off / keep out(阻止;擋住); take off(脫下) / take away(拿走) / take out(拿出);

　　look up(查找) / look over(仔細查看); throw away / off (拋棄) wake up(叫醒); write down(寫下); let down(使沮喪); make up(編造、組成); set off(激起、觸發(fā))

　　注：名詞做以上短語的賓語，可放在它們中間或后邊;而代詞做賓語，只放在中間。

　　26.as……as用法：中間加形容詞和副詞原級。1和…一樣… His room is as big as mine.

　　He runs as fast as I do / me / I. You should keep the room as clean as your brother’s.

　　2as…as possible / sb can “盡可能…” We went there as soon as possible.

　　—7—

　　Listen to the teacher as carefully as you can. He went there as quickly as he could.

　　3有些短語有幾個意思：as soon as 和…一樣快;一…就…; as much as和…一樣多;多達; as long as和…一樣長;長達;只要; as well as和…一樣好;和…一樣;

　　as far as遠達;就…來說 (as…as…在否定句中也可說so…as….)

　　也可表示倍數(shù)： This room is twice as big as that one. 這個房間是那個房間的兩倍大。

　　27.prefer用法：prefer sth to sth 或 prefer doing sth to doing sth.“比起…更喜歡…”

　　prefer to do sth rather than do sth寧愿…也不愿…

　　若單獨一個prefer，和like 用法類似，后接 to do sth 或 doing sth “更喜歡做某事”

　　28. some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陳述句中。

　　I have something to tell you. Maybe somebody has taken it.

　　若用于疑問句中表示期待對方肯定的回答或表示請求或建議.

　　Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat?

　　What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs?

　　Will you buy me some books? May I give you some tea? Would you like some milk?

　　在一些”do some…”短語中, 即使是疑問句中, some也不變?yōu)閍ny. 如：

　　Will you do some washing next Sunday? 這些短語有：

　　do some shopping / cleaning / cooking / sweeping / washing 等。

　　2any-, 在疑問句中仍譯為“某～，一些～”Do you have anything to say?

　　Is anybody in the house? Have you seen it anywhere?

　　在if 引導的句中，常用any. 如：If you have any water, please give me some.

　　在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任何～” You may put the box anywhere in the room.

　　He is taller than any other student in the class. We won’t have anything to eat now.

　　3every-“每～”，強調(diào)所有，既包括此也包括彼。

　　Is everybody here?-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave.

　　The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere.

　　29.動詞時態(tài)和形式：八個時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時、 現(xiàn)在進行時(am / is / are + v.ing)、

　　一般將來時(will / shall / be going to+動詞原形)、 一般過去時、 過去進行時(was / were + v.ing)、 現(xiàn)在完成時(have / has + v. 過去分詞)、 過去完成時(had + v. 過去分詞)、過去將來時(would + v. 原形) 六個形式： 原形; 過去式(規(guī)則的加ed);

　　過去分詞(規(guī)則的加ed); 第三人稱單數(shù)(加s / es); 現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing); 帶to不定式。

　　30.if / whether區(qū)別：if 如果(引導條件狀語從句) / 是否(引導賓語從句)

　　—8—

　　Do you know if he will go to the post office? If he goes there, I will ask him to buy me some stamps. 兩個if, 前者“是否”;后者“如果”，觀察其后時態(tài)的不同。(各見語法1、2)

　　whether“無論”引導讓步狀語從句 / “是否”引導賓語從句(相當于if)

　　都譯為“是否”時，whether可接or not, 也可接帶to不定式。而if 則不可。

　　另外，if可接any-單詞，常不接some-單詞。 (見語法28.)

　　31.因為：because, 常是對why的回答，語氣最強。位置：Because…, …或…, because….

　　since, 表顯然的或已知的理由Since it’s already late, I must go now.

　　for, 位置：…，for….語氣最弱。 I drove carefully, for it’s snowing.

　　as有時也指“因為”，用法基本無限制。As I am ill, I won’t go.

　　32.表推測：must, may, might, could, can, can’t

　　must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。

　　There is the door bell, it must be Tom. 門鈴響了，一定是湯姆(來了)。

　　may / might“也許”一般用于肯定句， may比might可能性大。

　　She is coming to us. She might be our new teacher.

　　can / could“可能”could比can語氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。

　　You could be right, but I don’t think you are.

　　The light in the office is off. The teacher can’t be there now.

　　33.so與such區(qū)別：so是副詞，后跟形容詞/副詞，so tall / slowly / carefully / young…

　　such是形容詞，后跟名詞短語。such bad weather / good news /beautiful music…;

　　such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a heavy stone / an interesting lesson…;

　　such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies / clever children…;

　　若名詞前形容詞是many, much, few, little時，不用such, 而用so.

　　so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water…

　　也常有“so / such …that…”句型，譯為“如此…以致于…”。

　　34.so的另兩個用法：1so + be / 情態(tài)動詞 / 助動詞 + 主語，“…也”

　　上下文所指不是同一個人或物。 The twins are working, so am I.

　　I will leave tonight, and so will Peter. If you go there, so will I . (最后一句參見語法2)

　　又如：A: I woke up late this morning. B: So did I.

　　2so + 主語 + be/情態(tài)動詞 / 助動詞，“的確…是”上下文所指是同一個人或物。

　　A: We have lunch at school. B: So you do.

　　又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem. B: So he can. (注意以上黑體字的照應)

　　35.neither / nor用法之一：neither / nor + be / 情態(tài)動詞 / 助動詞 + 主語

　　“…也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor did her brother.

　　—9—

　　Tim isn’t going to do his work, neither is John.

　　又如：A: Jim hasn’t had breakfast. B: Neither have I. (注意以上黑體字的照應)

　　36.keep, make, get, have用法：

　　1keep + sb / sth doing sth “讓…一直做…” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long. (區(qū)別：keep + doing sth “堅持做某事，一直做某事”)

　　2make + sb / sth do sth讓…做某事(接動原) I’ll try to make you understand what I mean.

　　I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long.

　　make若用于被動語態(tài)，原有后接動詞原形要改為帶to不定式(另見語法6的類似說法)：

　　I made him wait for long. →He was made to wait for long.

　　3get + sb / sth to do sth.讓…做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen.

　　4have + 賓語+ 動詞原形 / ing / 過去分詞

　　Have him do it, please.讓他做它吧。(him 和 do 邏輯上形成主謂關系，do用原形。)

　　We had the machine working.我們讓機器一直工作著。(讓某物一直在進行著某事。)

　　We had the machine repaired.我們讓人修理了那臺機器(讓機器被修理了，表被動。)

　　5也都可接形容詞：keep safe / busy, keep the door closed / open,

　　make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready. get her ears pierced.

　　37.used短語：used to + 動原，“過去常常” He used to smoke.

　　be used to 譯為“被用于…”，后接動原。 It is used to cut things. (主語是物)

　　be used to 譯為“習慣于…”，后接動詞ing或名詞 / 代詞. (主語常是人)

　　如：He’s used to working late. We are used to the country life. Are you used to it?

　　be used for “被用于…”，后接名詞或動詞ing (主語也是物) 如：

　　English is used for business. Knives are used for cutting things.

　　38. through / past / across 區(qū)別: 都可作介詞，“穿過”，前常有位移動詞(以下黑體部分)。

　　He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away. (從窗戶內(nèi)部經(jīng)過)

　　He went past me without saying any words. (從我旁邊經(jīng)過)

　　He swam across the river. (從河的表面經(jīng)過)【through,內(nèi)部; past,旁邊; across,表面】

　　位移動詞 + past 有時相當于動詞pass; 位移動詞 + across有時相當于動詞cross.

　　39.the number of / a number of: 前者“…的數(shù)量”;后者“許多的”

　　都跟可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)。前者作主語，謂語用單數(shù);后者作主語，謂語用復數(shù)。

　　The number of the trees is two thousand. (用單數(shù)謂語. 另注意trees前有限定詞)

　　A number of trees have been cut down. (用復數(shù)謂語. 另注意trees前無限定詞)